Dr. Louis' Blog

Dear Dr. D',

I wanted to get your comments on a  prompt that I will use on Friday with my Honors students.  They read a creation myth about good vs. evil and the need for both in order to create balance in the world.  Below is the prompt I plan to use.

Prompt: Based on the Iroquois creation myth “The World on the Turtle’s Back,” write a one chunk (2+:1) paragraph that discusses the need for good and evil in the world. For the CD (2+), list events from the story that support the need of both good and evil in the world and for the CM (1), explain the importance.

We completed guided practice and they are currently working on writing a paragraph as a group.  Later this week, I will be having them write individually.  Any feedback on the prompt or process is greatly appreciated.

Thanks,

Monica 

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‍Dear Monica,

Thank you for reaching out to me. I love to collaborate with teachers on prompts, and yours is a good one. It's fun to work as colleagues. Sometimes, being a teacher can be a lonely profession.

Prompts are important to our students; if we don't make ourselves clear about our expectations, students cannot succeed. Also, we're so busy and deadline-oriented that sometimes we hurry through a prompt, and the results are disastrous. I've done it -- written a prompt during passing period or in a matter of minutes, and the results were quite ugly! So, I especially appreciate your asking your question many days before you give the students the prompt. That's a master teacher move!

So, here is my mini-lesson on prompts: Decoding prompts is a skill that all students should learn. I am always concerned when students say, "I don't know how to start."

The definition of "prompt" is

1) to move or induce to action;

2) to occasion or incite; inspire; or

3) to assist (a person speaking) by suggesting something to be said.

To that end, I instruct teachers to write prompts with three distinctive parts: BACKGROUND SENTENCES(1-3), a TRIGGER SENTENCE, and the TASK. What you have written is the task. So, I'd like to see you give one or two background sentences about why the heck they have to read this story in the first place. How will their lives benefit or be more enriched by knowing this creation myth? Or, give them some insight into how creation myths tend to have some recurring patterns. In other words, start your prompt with a sentence or two that either 1) sparks their interest; 2) shocks their daily routine; 3) provides them with a mini-lesson on an element of literature; 4) begins with a thematic statement; or 5) sets the literary period that helps them to decipher characteristics of that literary period as they read the passage.

Example of a BACKGROUND SENTENCE for your prompt: Creation myths are found in cultures around the world. They are stories that we agree to tell about ourselves or another culture but frame them in different ways.  That’s what myth does; it tells us about ourselves or who we choose to say we are. What is fascinating about myths is that even cultures that live across the world from each other seem to have stories that bind us all together as human beings, concepts such as good and evil.

‍Then, write the TRIGGER SENTENCE. I always wondered why the AP prompts had sentences such as "Read the passage carefully." I thought to myself, "What else would they say -- "Read the passage haphazardly?" Then, I realized that this type of sentence was a trigger sentence. When students learn how to decode prompts, they understand that the purpose of a trigger sentence is to point out that everything above this trigger sentence is designed to engage their thinking; everything below the trigger sentence is designed to guide their task for writing. Example of a trigger sentence for your prompt: Read carefully the Iroquois creation myth titled “The World on the Turtle’s Back."

‍Finally, the TASK. I like yours. Let me play with it a little. Because you are dealing with both good and evil, both of which are important concepts, I recommend that your task divides the two concepts into one body paragraph with two chunks or, because the concepts are deep ones, two one- to two-chunk paragraphs. Since you are asking them to discuss the need for both good and evil in the world, you want to give both ideas their just deserts. Your call. You know your students.

Example of a task for your prompt: Then, in a well-developed paragraph (two chunks; 1:2+), discuss the need for both good and evil in the world. For the CDs (1), list events from the story that support the need for both good and evil in the world. For the CM (2+) in each chunk, provide your insight into the importance of good as well as the importance of evil. For your concluding sentence, reflect on the paradox of the need for both.

‍If you go with a two-chunk paragraph, it might look something like this:

• TOPIC SENTENCE
  
  • ‍TS - Who or what am I writing about? Include "good" and "evil" in this sentence.‍
• FIRST CHUNK
  
  • ‍CD 1 - One or more examples of "good" combined into one sentence.
  • CM 1 - How is that "good?"
  • CM 2+ - Importance of "good" to humanity.
• TRANSITION TO SECOND CHUNK‍
  
  • CD 1 - One or more examples of "evil" combined into one sentence.
  • CM 1 - How is that "evil?"
  • CM 2+ - Importance of "evil" in our understanding of humanity.
• CONCLUDING SENTENCE
  
  • CS - The paradox of needing both good and evil in our society.

Question: Are you having them embed quotations from the text? If so, make sure you teach them the TLCD (Transition/Lead-in/Concrete Detail).

Keep reading and writing!

Best regards,

Dr. D'

Dear Dr. Louis,

Would you review this prompt and give me feedback? 

"This week in class we talked about happiness and what things make you happy.  Reflect on those things we talked about. Then, in 5 sentences, please summarize your thoughts for this week.  Please use 12-point font, Times New Roman, double space, and your MLA heading.”

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Tina H.

Sure, Tina. I can see that you learned the parts of the prompt well at our workshop together. I love your "Background Sentence" and "Trigger Sentence." For your "Task," I'd like to see you start your year out using your prompt to support and reinforce the JSWP terminology and elements of good writing, guiding your students to an understanding of your expectations for this and future writing prompts. I would avoid telling students "how many" sentences to write. When you start the year out doing that, be prepared for the students to ask you all year, "How many sentences?" JSWP doesn't count sentences. That's why we always have a plus (+) in our ratios. I'd rather you give them some options: 100-250 words; no more than one page; one or two paragraphs. That way, you can diagnose the writing capabilities and confidence levels of your students.

Now, let's talk about the prompt's specs:

First, is the writing assignment supposed to be in paragraph form; a short answer or free response;, or bulleted sentences? Each mode of discourse or format specified has rules to follow, so identifying the required structure up front helps the students’ thinking. Your original prompt looks like a paragraph to me.

Second, the verb "summarize," by definition, demands concrete detail only, and since your topic is about happiness, it begs for commentary; so, let’s go with 2+:1, and let's select a different verb, such as "discuss," "explore," or "communicate."

Let’s give them more guidance since the students are new to your class and new to your expectations. In another email, you indicated that your colleague in the previous year taught them JSWP. Use this opportunity to refresh their knowledge, assess their skills, and address their curiosity that what they learned last year will be built upon this year. Consider the following foundational prompt.

"This week in class we talked about happiness and what things make you happy.  Reflect on those things we talked about. Then, in a well-developed body paragraph,(2+:1), explore what truly makes you happy. For your topic sentence, assert what truly makes you happy with no concrete detail. For your 2+ sentences of concrete detail, provide examples and situations that you have experienced or that people have discussed that created this happiness within you. For your commentary sentence, answer this question: What is it about the situations in your concrete details that inspired happiness within you? And for your concluding sentence, write a sentence about how your happiness might affect others or your outlook on life. Please use 12-point font, Times New Roman, double space, and MLA for your heading."

Once students see this layout -- this foundational prompt -- they'll realize that they must decode a prompt into a logical, organized thought process. Sure, eventually, you wean them off of direct instruction about sentences. How do you do that? After several prompts with precise instructions, you ask them, "Who or what are you writing about? Circle in blue the subject of the assignment." They should be able to identify the subject/topic of the assignment that would belong in their topic sentence or thesis statement (if you are assigning an essay). 

Next, ask them, "What concrete details will you be searching for that will support your topic sentence?" Let them tell you and underline those in red in the prompt.

Continue with, "What's the ratio of this assignment?" If the assignment is literary, style, or rhetorical analysis, it's 1:2+. If the students are writing an expository (nonfiction), argument, or narrative, it's 2+:1. If the assignment is a summary, the ratio is 3+:0.

Next question, "What type of commentary is the prompt asking you to write? Circle that in green. Words might be "discuss," "explain," "investigate." If the word were "summarize," and you didn't have the ratio, students would assume that it fell into a 3+:0 ratio. Ask the students, "What are you going to discuss that comes from your analytical mind, your heart and soul, your gut instincts, and your intuition?" The answer should be something like "the importance, the significance, the impact, or the effect of what they have discovered about themselves" in this particular assignment.

There's a difference between teaching and assigning writing. You'll be teaching them!

Keep Reading and Writing!

Warm regards,

Dr. Louis

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Since its inception over forty years ago, JSWP® has held and advocated a multi-sensory, vertically articulated, and cross-curricular philosophy about the importance of students reading and thinking independently and sharing successfully their thinking through oral and written communication.

Currently, artificial intelligence (AI) has come onto the business and academic scenes as a timesaving method of writing; and, in some cases, “AI” is a viable and expeditious form of drafting and editing documents. However, as educators, our first mission is to develop and produce thinkers in our society.

Glen Slater, an Australian-trained Jungian psychologist and one of my venerable professors at Pacifica Graduate Institute where I earned my doctorate, examines in his 2024 book Jung vs Borg how to preserve humanity in an accelerating technological age. Slater is concerned that “increasingly, . . .we're drawn off and distracted to the point of losing our connection to those elements of creativity that drive us to be a better species . . . Unless we start figuring out a way to educate the whole person, we're just going to breed a race of automatons.”

JSWP devotes its time, energy, and professional development to guiding educators how to teach “Authentic Intelligence” to young and maturing minds, to teach the whole person.

When students learn to examine carefully their unique experiences, intuitive contemplations, rational observations, and reflective reading, they can then formulate and communicate those thoughts through writing. Subsequently, their creative expression and innovative ideas result in both personal growth and an evolving collective human experience that ultimately and positively affects generations to come.

The Jane Schaffer Academic Writing Program is designed for PK-13 teachers,  and our many resources include teachers’ guides and professional development regarding strategies to teach students Analytical Response to Literature, Expository/Informational Nonliterary, Argumentation, Personal and Fictional Narrative, SBAC Performance Tasks, STAAR, ELD, and STEM, just to name a few, have been created to provide teachers with a step-by-step visual thinking process of how to teach students to write in the academic arena, filling the gap between thinking and writing as twilight fills the gap between the night and the day.

Good morning!

My name is Sofia. I'm an English teacher from Brownsville, Texas, and while it's only my second year in the classroom, I feel like I've been teaching the Jane Schaffer Writing Program all my life.

Both of my parents are career educators, and my mom is legitimately the greatest English teacher I've ever met. I thought I was biased about that growing up (being that she raised me), but I find more evidence with every passing day. I was raised surrounded by her colleagues and students, who she loves like family, watching the impact she has on them in real time, and watching them leave her classroom more certain of themselves and their voices than before. She's taught me how to be a great teacher for the past 22 years of my life—which is all of them. 

For the past 24 years of her career, she has taught the JSWP. She told me the story of the first time she attended a workshop with you, how she was a newbie in the classroom, wondering why her students couldn’t magically apply the feedback she was giving them when she asked for "more," to "explain," to "be clearer, more organized.” She'd been forced to attend yet another droning professional development training, and she was not excited. 

By the end of the first day of the workshop, however, she was in tears over the revelations she was having; she'd always believed there was no formula to writing, and that to suggest there could be would constrict writers' instincts. But my mom has always loved writing. She's always been able to intuit how to make her writing sound natural and controlled because it was the most important thing to her in life. How can you impart that on an unwilling mind with no structure?

Jane Schaffer put into words the method my mom and so many great writers have always intuited or studied, one way or another. It made it genuinely accessible. Her workshop with the Jane Schaffer, way back in 2000, proved to be life-altering. She taught it to me as her daughter, not her student, and I never once struggled to articulate myself with confidence. Even though I scarcely think of the terminology as I write anymore, the JSWP bones are present in all of it. She told Ms. Schaffer about her epiphanic experience on day 2 of the conference. Ms. Schaffer completely understood her hesitation, but explained it as concrete structure, not formula. It’s training wheels that want to be taken off. It lays the foundation for free, flexible, articulate writers. My mom sees Ms. Schaffer as the patron saint of writing pedagogy, and she’s been a devout follower since. 

I remember being in middle school, accompanying my mom to a professional development in Austin. Honestly, I just cared about the indoor pool at the hotel the district was paying for. But before I could have my fun, I had to go to her workshop with her (aka, sit next to her and work through a book of word searches and go unnoticed as much as possible). When the training started, I recognized the content immediately as my mother's. Even at that age, having hung out with enough jaded teachers, I had some idea of what made a useless versus a useful training. I knew this one was the real deal, and though I didn't imagine I'd be teaching it myself one day, I remember thinking, "This is the good stuff." 

Now, I'm teaching a few doors down from my mom, imparting the JSWP onto my English II students. Before this gig, I was teaching this for free at my university's Writing Center. There is a jarring number of college students I worked with who had never had any clear instruction on how to write an essay. Many students I've met have believed since childhood that they are doomed to remaining forever mystified by how good writing gets done, leaving it to the experts, the people lucky enough to just have the ability. 

But every time I teach the JSWP to a student at any age or level, with enough time, practice, and persistence, I get to witness this incredible moment where it all just clicks. It's one of life's greatest highs—a massive hit of oxytocin. This method is the only one I've ever known, and it's given me unshakeable confidence in my ability to write and speak well—of course I'm going to give that to as many people as I can. Writing is no secret. You just have to be taught well. Everyone deserves this kind of education, and everyone is capable of writing well. 

Good evening, Dr. Louis,

I have attached an example prompt that one of our teachers decoded. Would you please review it and provide some feedback? I have looked it over myself, but I want to be sure that my feedback is in alignment with the expectations of JSWP. How would this decoded prompt score on the Decoding the Prompt Rubric?

Thank you,
Desiree A.

Dear Desiree,

Thank you for reaching out to me. If students don’t know how to decode their writing prompts, then they are doomed from the beginning. “Decoding the Prompt” is one of the most important skills in writing. And, as students move into middle school, high school, and college, the prompts will become more difficult. So, starting now in elementary school makes me happy and proud.

I can tell that the teacher put much effort into this; the main error was the determination of CD, which affected the determination of CM. The score would be 8/12. See the attached rubric.

Here are my recommendations for honing this skill:

1. THE TITLE. Is it a short story or a novel? If it's a short story, put quotations around the title at the top and in the prompt. If it is a novel, underline both places. Also, include the author. Students need to know how to include authors' names in their responses.
   ‍
2. THE BACKGROUND SENTENCE(S)
   * Gerald is an awkward giraffe who attends an African dance party.
      Stop there.
   * I caution teachers to avoid providing analysis in the background sentence(s). Sometimes, in our attempt to guide the students, we give them the answers, and then they have nowhere to go, or they simply repeat the prompt.
   * You're looking for students to develop an understanding of tone (humiliation and confidence) to answer the question about the lesson. Don't tell them; let them show you!
   * I especially like your background sentence for its diction and opportunity for a grammar lesson. Let me explain:
           - "awkward" and "attends" - When teachers model good word choice, it helps students learn new vocabulary and how it is placed in a sentence.
           - Proper Nouns - The first sentence also teaches students about the proper noun "African."
           - Grammar and diction should be modeled. Good work!
   ‍
3. THE TASK
   * I'm wondering if this writing assignment needs to be two one-chunk paragraphs: 1) At the party with the conflict, and 2) after the party where the lesson is learned.
   ‍
4. MAPPING
   * CD = Your teacher wrote, "The lesson that Gerald learns at the end of the story." This is incorrect. Remember, CD is plot summary in Response to Literature. So, what happens in the story.
   * CM - The lesson he learns and the importance of that lesson could be the CS.

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Also, the teacher might be trying to do too much in the confinements of a one-chunk paragraph. The teacher might receive better results if she 1) asks for a one-chunk paragraph for only the beginning of the story when Gerald feels humiliated; or 2) asks for two one-chunk paragraphs in which the students show the progression of the story and the lesson learned.

     TS = Gerald doesn’t quite fit in.
     CD = He attends a party, and when he dances, the other animals laugh at him. (plot)
     CM = Tone / He feels sad.
     CM = Tone / He wants to be appreciated for who he is.
     CS =Everyone wants to be liked.

     TS = After the party, Gerald learns an important lesson.
     CD = What actually happens (no commentary – plot summary only)
     CM = Tone –What is Gerald’s attitude now?
     CM= What is the lesson of the story?
     CS = Why is this lesson important for all people to learn?

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Another idea: if the teacher doesn’t want the students to write two paragraphs, then she could write the first one as a model, and the students could write the second one. This sample is a good beginning, and I’m so grateful that you are sharing, so we can look at this skill closely.

Keep reading and writing!

D

QUESTION:

We have a color vision impaired student . . . I remember that came up once . . . What do we do?

-- Ms. Melissa B.

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Dear Melissa,

But what if you have a student who has color vision impairment? --  a not so unusual trait in many people – teachers, too! This is a situation in which a student or teacher is unable to discern color? Once you discover those students in your classroom, or if you have this challenge as well, one way to solve this problem is to label each pen with its color: blue, red, green, or black.

Here’s an interesting story: I met a man who had CVI, color vision impairment, and when I told him that we labeled the pens with the colors, he told me that when he knows that the color is supposed to be blue, for example, “his brain registers blue, and the color blue actually appears.” I thought that was an amazing discovery.

Another way we help students solve this problem is to have them draw symbols in front of each sentence.

On your notes page in your guide, I’d like for you to find Topic Sentence, abbreviated as TS, and draw a star. The star is our symbol for topic sentence, and we ask our students with CVI to either use a labeled pen or draw a star in front of their topic sentence, or both.

For the Concrete Detail, pick up your red pen. The abbreviation is CD. You’ll create a red label for the students’ pens or ask the students to draw a rectangle that looks similar to a concrete block.

For the Commentary, pick up your green pen. The abbreviation is CM. You’ll create a green label for the students’ pens or ask the students to draw a circle in front of their CM sentences. We chose a circle because it symbolizes wholeness and completeness of thought.

And for the Concluding Sentence, abbreviated as CS, you’ll have the students use the blue pen again. I know you were about to pick up your black pen! No, we bookend the body paragraph with blue. For the CS, the symbol is a star plus an exclamation point. It reflects the topic sentence, hence the star. But it also has impact!

For the body paragraph, we use blue, red, and green. Black will come later.